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Central Arizona Project

Secondary Sources

A second group of non-primary sources include books, treatises and manuscripts. These provide a more dated but focused analysis and interpretation which can lead to a better understanding of the issues surrounding the CAP.

I searched Sabio for books and other CAP-related documents. Since CAP is an Arizona issue, the UA collection should contain most works relating to the project. Using the Subject Heading "Central Arizona Project US," I found 116 entries. Using a keyword search of "Central Arizona Project" alone, I found 139 entries. I selected several, listed below with annotations, as good sources of information. Dissertation Abstracts online was the source I used for Theses. (Note: Call nos. are for University of Arizona Libraries)

Books

• Ingram, Helen M., 1969. Patterns of Politics in Water Resource Development: A Case Study of New Mexico's Role in the Colorado River Basin Bill, Albuquerque, NM: The University of New Mexico, 96 pp. (Main JK2403 N4 no. 79)

  The focus of this book is on two New Mexico projects authorized by the Colorado River Basin Act, the Animas-La Plata project, and the Hooker Dam project. The author provides a poignant discussion of the political jockeying which accompanied the development and passage of the Act, as well as a chapter on the political feasibility in water development policy.

• Johnson, Rich, 1977. The Central Arizona Project, 1918-1968, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 242 pp. (SEL and Law TC424.A6 J63, SC Q9791 C7 J68c)

  This book traces the steps from CAP's conception in the early 20th century to its authorization in 1968. It contains a chronology (7-pages) of the major events which occurred, the different bills introduced and the debates surrounding them, and follows the trial of California v. Arizona from 1956-58. This book provides good insight into the details regarding the history of the Bill, written narratively.

• Fradkin, Philip L., 1984. A River No More: The Colorado River and the West, Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, 360 pp. (Main, Law, SC F788 F75 1984, 1996 edn. available in Law only)

  Chapter 6: Deserts: the politics of water (pp. 235-318) tells the story of "plugging" the Colorado River to benefit the desert. It gives a legislative history of CAP and talks about the Colorado River Basin Project Act of 1968 and its significance.

• Reisner, Marc, 1986. Cadillac Desert: the American West and Its Disappearing Water, New York, NY: Penguin Books, 582 pp. (Main, Law, Law Reserve, SC HD1739.A17 R45, 1993 edition available at Main Reserve, 1997 video cassette collection available at Law Reserve)

  This book provides some basic background reading on water and the west, and includes many references to the CAP and issues surrounding its adoption. It provides a narrative of the search for water for the western states - the politics, history, events, etc. The author talks of dams and diversions, corruption, water rights, ecological and economical disasters. He tells the story of the early settlers lured to the western states with visions of paradise. He also documents the rivalry between the Bureau of Reclamation and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

• El-Ashry, Mohamed T. and Diana C. Gibbons, 1988. Water and Arid Lands of the Western United States, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 415 pp. (Main, Law and ERL HD1695.A17 W364 1988).

  Chapter 7: Toward sustaining a desert metropolis: water and land use in Tucson, Arizona (pp. 281-332) discusses water problems in Arizona in general and in Tucson specifically. The authors talk about the effect of the CAP and problems with its underuse. They also discuss the Groundwater Management Act.

• Ingram, Helen, 1990. Water Politics: Continuity and Change, Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 158 pp. (Main, Law, SC HD1694.N6 I5 1990)

  Updating the 1969 predecessor, listed above, this book traces the change in pattern of water politics and policy since the passing of the Colorado River Basin Act and the 1990s. The author focuses on two projects connected with the CAP in New Mexico - the Animas-La Plata Project and Hooker Dam, and recounts the course of events affecting the CAP and the two New Mexico projects since 1968.

• Reisner, Marc, 1990. Overtapped Oasis: Reform or Revolution for Western Water, Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 200 pp. (Main, Law, SC, Arch. HD1695.A17 R45 1990)

  This second book by Marc Reisner has a different focus than Cadillac Desert (listed above). He gives a history of western water projects, and discusses water and the law covering prior appropriations, state laws, federal water, Indian water transfer and water marketing. He also provides a proposal to modernize water management in the west by removing laws which keep water tied to the land and allow for transfers from farmers to cities. There are only a few references to the CAP, but the author provides a basic understanding (from an environmental viewpoint) of water politics.

• National Research Council (U.S.) Water Science and Technology Board, Committee on Western Water Management, 1992. Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 300 pp. (Main and Law HD1695.A17 W39 1992).

  Chapter 9: Central Arizona: the endless search for new supplies to water the desert (pp. 194-212) provides some good insight into the Groundwater Management Act and its implications. It discusses surface and groundwater transfers and their social and environmental effects.

• Woodard, G. C., S. Eden and K. Seasholes, 1993. Impacts of Changes in Water Quality and Consumer Responses in Tucson, Arizona: Preliminary Analysis, Tucson, AZ: Water Resources Research Center, UA, 18 pp. (SC TD225.T78 W66 1993)

  The results of a survey of 1500 Tucson residents within the CAP zone of delivery and groundwater zone of delivery to determine differences in water quality in order to consider additional water treatment approaches are reported here. It documents complaints about CAP water including discolored water, objectionable taste and odor, and corrosion of water-related fixtures. An estimate of cost differences with each form of delivery is made, concluding that CAP recipients expend more and that the problems they experienced with CAP water were real and widespread.

Treatises

• U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1963. Pacific Southwest Water Plan: Report, Washington, D.C. USDI

  The report of a plan proposed by Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall, in response to the Supreme Court's June 1963 decision in Arizona v. California, for the utilization of the Colorado River water which he predicted would end the conflicts over the Colorado River between California and other arid western states, secure for Arizona its fair share of the river, and permit the construction of a network of projects for Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah

• United States Bureau of Reclamation, 1972. Final Environmental Statement: Proposed Central Arizona Project, Washington, D.C. (SEL TD224.A6 U5, Law KF5590.C6 A68, SC Q9791 U5825c) (note: EIS's exist for each major section of the project)

  This is the final environmental statement for the entire project, and includes descriptions of the actions, summary of environmental impacts and adverse environmental effects, and alternatives considered. The appendix at the end includes papers and letters from commentators. There is a long bibliography, species list, many tables and photographs. This EIS calls for individual environmental statements for major features of the project to be prepared prior to the initiation of the construction on the respective component.

• United States Bureau of Reclamation, Arizona Projects Office, 1979. Preliminary Central Arizona Project Alternatives for Eastern Pima County Regional Water Resources Study, Tucson, AZ: Central Arizona Project, Tucson Division, 22 pp. (SEL TD224.A6 P73 and SC Q9791 P92).

  The descriptions of thirteen alternative routes for the Tucson Aqueduct are provided in this document. It evaluates land use and ownership, geology, cultural resources, social impacts, biota, cost estimates, operation, repayment, and recreation for each route, as well as providing some background on the CAP. It gives information on water supply (amount of water projected to be available for Pima County) and Colorado River water quality and contains many figures, tables, maps and plates.

• University of Arizona Water Resources Research Center, 1980. The Feasibility of Utilizing Remote Sources of Water to Augment the Natural Supply of the Tucson Area, Pima County, Arizona: Final Report, Tucson, AZ: The Center, 252 pp. (SEL TD225.P45 A7, SC E9791 Univ. 4.5 W324 F288)

  This publication compares the pros and cons of acquiring water from both traditional and exotic sources. Traditional sources include exploiting adjacent and remote groundwater basins; exotic sources include water harvesting and conservation, weather modification, desalinization and iceberg harvesting. The authors provide an economic summary, as well as a general summary and evaluation of the above sources in tabular form giving the costs and feasibility. There is a comprehensive list of references by chapter topic and a selected bibliography, a list of cases, figures, illustrations and tables. Appendix D is a reproduction of the Colorado River Basin Project Act in its entirety.

• Pima County Department of Transportation and Flood Control District, 1986. Rillito Creek groundwater recharge / flood storage / natural riverine preservation project, 111 pp. (SC TD224.A7 R54 1986)

  This is a five-year environmental monitoring program proposal to provide data for the design and optimum operation of the recharge facilities and gates, and maintenance of the quality of groundwater through a strict water quality testing program. Its design is to augment natural stream-channel recharge in a section of the river between Craycroft and Alvernon Avenues to mitigate the existing overdraft.

• DeCook, K. J. and M. Waterstone, 1987. Central Arizona Project Water Quality: An Examination of Management Options, Tucson, AZ: Water Resources Research Center, 100 pp. (SEL TD224.A6 D42, Law Reserve KF5569.3 D43 and SC E9791 Univ.4.5 W324 D42).

  An issue paper which serves to (1) summarize the current state of knowledge of CAP water quality management in topics such as health effects, nonhealth effects, water treatment considerations, etc., (2) identify critical gaps in the understanding of the issues raised in these areas, (3) recommend directions for further research in each area, and (4) indicate areas where additional research will not be worthwhile and where policy judgements will have to be made.

Theses

• Senecah, Susan Louise, 1993. The Environmental Discourse of David Brower: Using Advocacy Advertising to Save the Grand Canyon, University of Minnesota Ph.D., 261 pp.

  This study explores the rhetorical, historical, cultural and ideological reasons why, in the mid-1960s, five advertisements orchestrated by David Brower worked as the critical elements of a maverick Sierra Club lobbying campaign against the construction of two hydroelectric dams in the Grand Canyon as part of the CAP.

• Malloch, Steven Philip, 1986. Water Availability for the Central Arizona Project: A Projection for 1985-2040, University of Arizona Thesis, 133 pp.

  The problem this work addresses is to project the annual diversion by the CAP while incorporating the possible variations in annual flow of the Colorado River. Its objective is to produce an annual average and frequency distribution of the projected delivery for the years 1985-2040. The author uses a synthetic streamflow data model which he derives from a first-order autoregressive streamflow generator to predict water deliveries to southern Arizona (the CAP Water Availability Model CAPWAM), in order to make estimates of water availability for the project.

• Bush, David Bernard, 1985. Costs and Returns to Irrigation Under the Central Arizona Project: Alternative Futures for Agriculture, University of Arizona Ph.D., 420 pp.

  This dissertation is a supply-and-demand economic evaluation of maintaining the marginal cost of groundwater pumping and overdraft and the variable costs of using the CAP for agriculture. The author addresses the question of whether farmers will be better or worse off with it and how much they should pay. He discusses the problem setting which gave rise to the CAP, provides a history of water use in Arizona, and does a longterm analysis for its use.

• Keith, Susan Jo, 1981. Stream Channel Recharge in the Tucson Basin and Its Implications for Ground-water Management, University of Arizona Thesis, 84 pp. (Main, SC E9791 1981 147)

  This thesis analyzes several types of hydrologic data from the Tucson Basin to identify details about ephemeral flow recharge, and uses the results to make recommendations about when the highest natural recharge value could be calculated, well field locations, and artificial recharge program considerations.

Other Documents

Several books and documents were unavailable for viewing; however, they sound like useful sources.

• Ralph M. Parsons Company, 1968. Water for Arizona, Los Angeles, CA: Ralph M. Parsons Company, 10 vols. (SC Q9791 R163, Law HD1739.A6 .R34)

• Committee for a Sane Water Policy, 1971. A Need for the Central Arizona Project?, Tucson, AZ: The Committee, 12 pp. (SC Q9791 C7 Y48n)

• Central Arizona Project (U.S.), 1972. CAP-Indian Water Project: Report on Allocation of Central Arizona Project Water for Five Applicant Tribes, Phoenix, AZ: Central Arizona Project, 1 vol. (Law KF5590.C6 B6, SC KF5662.A82 C35 1972)

• Proponents' views of the Central Arizona Project, 1974, a document presented to the Tucson City Council at and subsequent to its meeting of February 8, 1974, 81 pp. (SC HD1695.A7 P7 1974)

• Cluff, C. B., 1983. Analysis of CAP/Floodwater Recharge Alternative, Tucson, AZ: Tucson Water, 29 pp. (SEL TD404.A52 1983)

• Weatherford, Gary D. and F. Lee Brown, 1983. New Courses for the Colorado River: Major Issues for the Next Century, Albuquerque, N.M.: University of New Mexico Press (Main and Law HD1695.C7 N49 1986)

• Block, Mike W. et al, 1986. Santa Cruz River Alignment Recharge Study, Tucson, AZ: Pima Association of Governments, 1 vol. (Gov. Docs. XGP 1.2:@ 15, SC TD225.T78 S26 1986)

• Rillito Recharge Project Report: An Evaluation of Recharge Techniques, Tucson, AZ: CH2M Hill, 1992.

• Tadayon, Saeid, 1995. Quality of Surface Water and Ground Water in the Proposed Artificial-Recharge Project Area, Rillito Creek Basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1994, Tucson, AZ: USGS, 26 pp. (Gov. Docs. I 19.42/4:95-4270)